Sort black beans and place into a large container. Cover with several inches of cool water; let soak, 8 hours to overnight. Rinse and drain. Combine black beans, chicken broth, tomatoes, carrots, onion, red bell pepper, garlic, cumin, salt, chili powder, jalapeno, and black pepper in a slow cooker. Cover and cook on High until mixture has reduced and beans are tender, about 8 hours. Stir in corn and brown sugar 1 hour before serving.