Sauté the chopped onion, garlic, and jalapeno until softened, about 1-2 minutes. Add black beans (including liquid), green chiles, cumin, chili powder, and cayenne. Stir to combine, bring to a simmer, and cook for about 10 minutes. Remove from heat. Stir in the cilantro and add juice from 1/2 of a lime. Add salt and pepper to taste. Garnish with freshly crumbled Cotija cheese and chopped cilantro.